How did Europe's relationship with religion, reason, and political power change throughout history? From ancient Greece and Rome to the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the French Revolution, Western societies experienced major transformations in the relationship between religious institutions and intellectual life. In this discussion, Dr. Nayef Bin Nahar explores how religious authority shaped European history, how philosophical and scientific thought developed, and why opposition to the clergy became an important force in European political change. But an essential question remains: Was the conflict directed against religion itself, or against the power exercised by religious institutions? Discover a historical and philosophical perspective on the relationship between faith, reason, and authority in Western civilization.